Health systems are at the forefront of the response to the ongoing humanitarian crisis facing refugees and other migrants fleeing to Europe, both as a first point of contact for arrivals and later during their resettlement and beyond. (The term ‘migrant’ is used here with the understanding that there are numerous groups that fall within this categorization, but which are distinct in terms of their status, e.g. asylum-seeker, refugee, undocumented migrant, economic migrant, family-reunited migrant, etc., where a specific group is mentioned by name, it is in a context where this specificity is required.) Yet even if the scale of migration is new, at least in the post-war period, some European countries have considerable experience of sudden large-scale immigration, whether from Algeria to France in the 1960s, East African Asians coming to the United Kingdom in the 1970s, refugees from former Yugoslavia in the 1990s and, more recently, across the Mediterranean to Italy, Malta and Spain. However, few lessons seem to have been learnt, and European health systems vary greatly in their ability to respond to this new challenge.¹The situation is complicated further by differences in formal entitlement to health care,² even though it is now clear that restricting access costs more money in the long run.³ The challenges facing undocumented migrants are particularly alarming, as many of those now moving either fall into this category already or will soon do so if their applications for asylum are rejected.