In England, the 2012 Health and Social Care Act was heralded to be among the most significant changes in policy for the National Health Service (NHS) since its inception in 1948. Yet a key theme of the policy, namely the intensification of competition in service provision, has not fully materialised.
The 2014 Five Year Forward View outlined visions for a more integrated health and care system in England. Subsequent guidance introduced new organisational forms, such as the so-called Sustainability and Transformation Plans and integrated care systems